A/HRC/41/42/Add.1 Canadian Mounted Police has faced continuous public scrutiny stemming from numerous reports highlighting a culture of bullying, harassment and dysfunction. In 2016, the Mounted Police delivered a historic apology to women officers and civilian members, with a massive settlement over harassment, discrimination and sexual abuse claims that was capped at $100 million Canadian dollars. In 2015, former Supreme Court Justice Marie Deschamps produced a major report, the “External review on sexual misconduct and sexual harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces”, which denounced an underlying sexualized culture hostile to women and LGTBQ2 members and conducive to serious incidents of sexual harassment and assault, as well as a lack of reporting of such harassment and assault. Following the Deschamps report, the Canadian Armed Forces established Operation HONOUR in order to address harmful and inappropriate sexual behaviour and sexual misconduct in the Canadian military. Both the Mounted Police and the Canadian Armed Forces recently adopted initiatives to prevent and address gender-based violence against women and girls. Sexual violence against and harassment of women and girls at universities 52. The Special Rapporteur received reports on widespread cases of sexual violence against women and girls in schools and on campuses. Young women between 15 and 25 years of age attending an education facility are at a high risk of experiencing sexual violence. Of all self-reported sexual assaults in 2014, 41 per cent were reported by students, 90 per cent of whom were female students. The risk of sexual violence is particularly high for female students who are indigenous, live with disabilities and are LGBTQ2. 23 53. Nationwide, there are some inconsistencies in legislation addressing sexual violence in schools and on campuses. In relation to post-secondary institutions, only 4 provinces (of 10 provinces and 3 territories), namely, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, have introduced legislation that requires universities to have stand-alone policies on sexual violence. Student groups and experts question the efficacy of current legislation in informing the implementation of comprehensive policies on sexual violence. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the specific budget allocation, in 2018, through “It’s time: Canada’s strategy to prevent and address gender-based violence” to establish a national framework to address gender-based violence in post-secondary institutions. D. Trafficking in women and girls 54. Trafficking is a matter of serious concern in Canada. The country’s response to human trafficking is framed primarily through criminal law (Criminal Code, sects. 279.01– 279.04). It also adopted a specific national action plan to combat human trafficking 24 and launched the National Human Trafficking Hotline. Although human trafficking constitutes a criminal offence in Canada, the Special Rapporteur highlights that there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic data collection on trafficking and trafficking victims, including on trafficked indigenous women, and exploitation through prostitution and other related purposes. 55. According to a survey conducted by the Canadian Women’s Foundation, indigenous women and girls are overrepresented as victims of human trafficking in Canada (50 per cent of trafficked girls and 51 per cent of trafficked women). 25 LGBTQ2 people also are as risk of being trafficked, and they face many vulnerabilities, including precarious housing and employment, a lack of support and isolation from their families and communities, as well as a lack of access to health and safety services. 26 Stigma and a lack of equal access to 23 24 25 26 10 See Statistics Canada, “Self-reported sexual assault in Canada, 2014” (2017). Available at www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-ctn-pln-cmbt/index-en.aspx. See www.canadianwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CWF-TraffickingReport-Auto-1_0.pdf. See Ayden I. Scheim and others, “Barriers to well-being for aboriginal gender-diverse people: results from the Trans PULSE project in Ontario, Canada”, Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, vol. 6, No. 4 (November 2013), pp. 108–120; Janet Ristock and others, “Aboriginal two-spirit and LGBTQ migration, mobility, and health research project: Winnipeg final report” (2010); and