A/HRC/29/19 consider the linkages between human rights and climate change during the universal periodic review. 24. The Coordinator and Principal Legal Adviser in the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dan Bondi Ogolla, described the interface between human rights and climate change. He said that climate change could directly affect human rights, for example, by loss of land through rising sea levels, which threatened livelihoods and culture. Response measures to climate change could also violate human rights. For instance, mitigation activities under the clean development mechanism implemented in indigenous lands could affect the rights to housing, property, culture and self-determination. Human rights principles, such as participation and freedom of information, may inform the implementation and development of relevant policies. 25. He said that the States parties to Convention had always been sensitive to the human dimensions of climate change. Under the Convention, the definition of the adverse effects of climate change included impacts on socioeconomic systems, human health and welfare and its provisions required States parties to minimize the adverse impacts of response measures and promote and facilitate public participation in addressing the effects of climate change. 26. He said that, in addressing issues such as adaptation, response measures and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, the decisions of the Conference of the Parties had elaborated on the provisions of the Convention, offering guidance on implementation at the national level. They had held, inter alia, that responses to climate change should be integrated with social and economic development plans; all stakeholders should be engaged in the development and implementation of climate change policies; and adaptation actions should follow a participatory approach, taking into account the views of and likely impacts on vulnerable groups and communities. 27. Mr. Ogolla said the key challenges to be addressed were integrating human rights into international and national climate change policy frameworks and ensuring the full and effective protection of human rights in the implementation of climate-related actions. The Cancun Agreements represented a key step, wherein States parties agreed that they should fully respect human rights in all climate-related actions and recognized the need to engage a broad range of stakeholders. They established safeguards for activities aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, including requirements that such activities must be made consistent with relevant international conventions, respect the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and involve the full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders. Going forward, he said that the negotiating text adopted recently by the Ad Hoc Working Group contained several ideas for further integrating human rights within the multilateral climate change regime. 28. The Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, stated that, although indigenous peoples were among those who had contributed the least to climate change, they suffered some of its worst impacts. They often lived in and relied on fragile ecosystems, damage to which threatened their homes, livelihoods and cultural survival. Climate change threatened their rights to self-determination, development, food, water, land and culture. Efforts to prevent, mitigate and adapt to climate change could also threaten their rights. Production of biofuels could lead to land–grabbing, and displacement and construction of hydroelectric dams and other renewable energy projects could cause displacement and ecological damage. These activities should not be permitted without the consent of potentially affected peoples. 29. She said that indigenous peoples could contribute to mitigation and adaptation efforts. Their knowledge of ecosystems could support the effective use of resources for 7