A/HRC/11/9 page 23 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 95. Cash transfer programmes are today considered an effective means to alleviate poverty and extreme poverty worldwide. In developed countries, where better established social security systems are in place, the transfer of resources to households living in extreme poverty is a longstanding component of a number of social assistance programmes. More recently, CTPs and CCTPs have been developed and replicated in several developing countries. 96. The independent expert recognizes that CTPs are a policy option that can assist States in fulfilling their human rights obligations. Transfers can impact positively on the exercise of a number of economic, social, cultural civil and political rights. In particular, CTPs have the potential to assist in the realization of the right to an adequate standard of living including adequate food, clothing and housing. Hence, the independent expert welcomes the efforts made by States implementing CTPs, in many cases as part of broader national strategies to address extreme poverty. 97. Nonetheless, CTPs are not necessarily the most appropriate and effective means of tackling extreme poverty and protecting human rights in all contexts. CTPs should be seen as only one component of comprehensive efforts to reduce poverty. Weaknesses and deficiencies in the design and implementation of CTPs may result, in practice, in inconsistencies with human rights obligations. 98. While further analysis is required on how CTPs can contribute to, or impact on, the enjoyment on human rights the independent expert will continue to examine the links between human rights and social protection systems, including CTPs, over the course of her mandate. 99. She wishes to present the following recommendations: (a) Integrate CTPs within social protection systems and ensure solid legal and institutional frameworks: (i) States must fully integrate CTPs within broader social protection systems. In order to become a stable component of these systems, CTPs must be well articulated within the existing social security system - its legal and institutional framework must take into account the international and national standards regarding the right to social security; (ii) States must establish solid legal and institutional frameworks in order to guarantee legitimacy, effectiveness and sustainability of CTPs. Legal and institutional frameworks are shields against political and economic instability and, most importantly, are essential elements to ensure clear determination of responsibilities;