A/HRC/39/49 weapons, accommodation and other types of material gain. For example, ISIL is attracting foreign families by providing food, salaries and accommodation worth over $1,000 a month to those who immigrate with their families to join the movement. As some have observed, the more these groups are successful at creating a whole new society, the more they are able to attract entire families.14 E. Human rights impact 36. The recruitment and use of children in armed conflicts by non-State armed groups is itself a grave violation of international law. Child victims who have been forced or lured into armed groups suffer a broad range of human rights abuses. These include abuses related to their right to life, right not to be subjected to torture or sexual abuse, right to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing hazardous work, right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, right to education and right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The abusive practices children experience when they are associated with non-State armed groups amplify one another, and a child who experiences one is likely to experience others.15 37. Once recruited, child soldiers are forced to carry out various tasks. Some of them may serve as porters, cooks or domestic workers; some are ordered to loot or steal; some are forced to beat and kill civilians; some children are sent into combat on the front lines, or even to conduct suicide missions. Most of the girls are raped, used as sex slaves or forced to be “wives” to other soldiers in the group. Some armed groups even force child soldiers to commit cruelties and atrocities against their own family or community members. Such practices were intended to ensure that these children would have no family to escape to and that they would be stigmatized and not accepted back by their communities. The perception of the community about the armed group with which the children associate and the roles the children played in the armed group does indeed hamper the reintegration and rehabilitation process of these former child soldiers. The terror inflicted in the community also creates collective trauma. Research shows that community leaders, elders and local religious leaders, who are traditionally expected to play an essential role in the reintegration process of former child soldiers, are now themselves affected by the violence, thus impeding the traditional social healing or coping mechanisms.16 38. Negative attitudes towards former child soldiers create obstacles in reintegrating them socially and economically into their local communities. The risk of re-recruitment increases when these former combatants are not provided with alternative job opportunities. Furthermore, in a society where there is a significant number of former child soldiers, the failure of rehabilitation and reintegration may have a negative impact on the economic and social development of the society. 39. The Working Group also notes with great concern that some children who had been entangled in the violent environment later became active members of the group that initially abducted them. The Working Group’s visit to the Central African Republic in 2016 coincided with the beginning of the International Criminal Court trial in the case of Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen. Ongwen was allegedly abducted by the Lord’s Resistance Army when he was 10 years old and later became a top commander in that organization. In December 2015, he was charged with a total of 70 counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes allegedly committed after 1 July 2002 in northern Uganda. In cases where children may have committed acts of atrocity during their association with armed groups, 14 15 16 10 Dallin Van Leuven, Dyan Mazurana and Rachel Gordon, “Analysing the recruitment and use of foreign men and women in ISIL through a gender perspective”, in Foreign Fighters under International Law and Beyond, Andrea de Guttry, Francesca Capone and Christophe Paulussen, eds. (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2016), pp. 97–220. Revkin, “I am nothing without a weapon”. A. Dyregrov, R. Gjestad and M. Raundalen, “Children exposed to warfare: a longitudinal study”, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 15, No. 1 (2002), pp. 59–68.