A/HRC/45/14/Add.1 prostitution and child pornography; and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. 13. The State is a party to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, and the 1954 Convention relating to the status of Stateless Persons. It has not acceded to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 14. China is a party to four out of eight fundamental International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions, including the Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100); the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111); the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182). It has also ratified a number of other ILO conventions and submitted recommendations relevant to older persons to the competent authorities, including the Labour Administration Convention, 1978 (No. 150); the Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159); the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202); the Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015 (No. 204); the Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation, 2017 (No. 205); the Nursing Personnel Recommendation, 1977 (No. 157); the Labour Relations (Public Service) Recommendation, 1978 (No. 159); and the Labour Statistics Recommendation, 1985 (No. 170). 15. China has not ratified the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29); the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87); the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98); and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105). It has also not ratified a number of other ILO instruments relevant to older persons, including the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189); the Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) and its Protocol of 1995; the Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143); the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169); the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102); the Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors’ Benefits Convention, 1967 (No. 128); the Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969 (No. 130); the Paid Educational Leave Convention, 1974 (No. 140); the Rural Workers’ Organisations Convention, 1975 (No. 141); the Nursing Personnel Convention, 1977 (No. 149); the Maintenance of Social Security Rights Convention, 1982 (No. 157); the Labour Statistics Convention, 1985 (No. 160); the Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988 (No. 168); the Protection of Workers’ Claims (Employer’s Insolvency) Convention, 1992 (No. 173); the Violence and Harassment Convention, 2019 (No. 190); and the Violence and Harassment Recommendation, 2019 (No. 206). 16. In 2004, China amended the Constitution to provide that the State respects and protects human rights (art. 33). Chapter 2 lists the fundamental rights and duties of citizens. The Constitution is silent on the domestic status of treaties, including human rights treaties, and their hierarchy in the domestic legal system. According to the Government, China transformed the main contents of these ratified treaties, including human rights treaties, into domestic legislation. In doing so, these treaties are applied by courts through the application of the related domestic laws. In addition, some treaties can be directly applied by courts. 17. Article 45 of the Constitution stipulates that citizens of China have the right to get material assistance from the State and society when they are old. Article 49 stipulates that grown-up children have the obligation to support and assist their parents, and that it is prohibited to maltreat older persons.12 China has also elaborated the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016–2020), which includes a section on the rights of older persons. 18. The complex, multilevel governance spectrum mainly involves three spheres: laws, regulations and policies. Consequentially, ageing law and policy is first determined at the central legislative-normative level, namely through laws enacted by the National People’s 12 Government submission on the protection of rights and interests of older persons in China, p. 2. 5