A/HRC/18/38 Contents Paragraphs Page I. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–5 3 II. Working with United Nations human rights mechanisms....................................... 6–12 3 III. Progress and challenges in addressing grave violations against children in armed conflict ......................................................................................................... 13–21 5 Children and justice during and in the aftermath of armed conflict: bringing conceptual clarity .................................................................................................... 22–33 6 A. What is “justice” for children? ....................................................................... 23–24 6 B. Children as victims and witnesses .................................................................. 25–28 7 C. Accountability of children involved in armed conflict ................................... 29–33 8 V. Attacks on schools and hospitals: an emerging concern ......................................... 34–37 9 VI. Field visits by the Special Representative............................................................... 38–48 10 A. Somalia........................................................................................................... 40–42 10 B. Afghanistan .................................................................................................... 43–45 10 C. Philippines ...................................................................................................... 46–48 11 Towards universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict .............. 49–53 11 Conclusion and recommendations .......................................................................... 54–69 12 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict...................................................... 55–60 12 B. Universal periodic review............................................................................... 61–63 13 C. Human Rights Council ................................................................................... 64–67 14 D. Attacks on schools and hospitals .................................................................... 68 14 E. Children’s access to justice............................................................................. 69 14 List of parties that recruit or use children, kill or maim children and/or commit rape and other forms of sexual violence against children in situations of armed conflict on the agenda of the Security Council, bearing in mind other violations and abuses committed against children .............................................................................................................. 16 List of parties that recruit or use children, kill or maim children and/or commit rape and other forms of sexual violence against children in situations of armed conflict not on the agenda of the Security Council, or in other situations of concern, bearing in mind other violations and abuses committed against children .................................................................. 19 IV. VII. VIII. A. Annexes I. II. 2 GE.11-15092