A/HRC/29/35 resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his (the person’s) dignity and the free development of his personality”; article 27, which provides that everyone has the right “freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits”; and article 29, which provides that everyone “has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible”. The preamble and the above-mentioned articles of the Declaration shape the contours of international solidarity as both a principle and a right of peoples and individuals. They also reinforce the idea of international solidarity as an instrument that responds to the existing imperative to establish the conditions under which all individuals and peoples can enjoy and realize their human rights. It is in addition the engine for international assistance and cooperation towards the effective implementation of sustainable development. 19. While international solidarity has instrumental value, it is also an end in itself. It is instrumental in that it draws attention to interdependency and the need for collective action, but is at the same time a guide for the collective action of States towards the desired outcome of international solidarity for the full realization of all human rights (A/HRC/21/44/Add.1, para. 20). This is consistent with the affirmation by the Human Rights Council that international solidarity is not limited to international assistance and cooperation, aid or humanitarian assistance; that it includes sustainability in international relations, especially international economic relations, the peaceful coexistence of all members of the international community, equal partnerships and the equitable sharing of benefits and burdens (resolution 18/5, para. 2). The Council’s statement implicitly refers to international solidarity as a foundation of the three pillars of the United Nations: peace and security, development and human rights. B. International solidarity in action 20. International solidarity recognizes that collective action affecting human rights is not limited to activities undertaken by governments and international organizations alone. Such action also includes that by non-State actors, such as civil society and its organizations, acting in the civil, political, economic, social or cultural fields, whether in the international arena or within the internal processes of their societies. International solidarity requires that human rights standards should guide the policies and practices of State and of non-State actors alike when these affect the individuals, groups and peoples, within or outside their territories.7 The paragraphs that follow provide a few examples that illustrate international solidarity as practised among States and non-State actors. 21. It has been observed that the overwhelming expression of international solidarity by States8 is apparent not only in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 but also in the multitude of commitments and pledges relating to human rights and development to which States have agreed, such as the Declaration on the Right to Development in 1986, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action in 1993, the Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action on Social Development in 1995, the Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action in 1995 and the Millennium Declaration in 2000, not to mention the numerous declarations and decisions that have been agreed upon in various United Nations international conferences and regional summits. International solidarity is manifested among States when their collective action has a positive impact on 7 8 8 C. Beitz, “Human rights as a common concern”, in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 95. No. 2. (June, 2001), p. 277. See Human Rights Council resolution 15/13, para. 8.