A/HRC/29/35 the right of peoples and individuals to international solidarity. In the preamble to the proposed draft declaration, the Independent Expert defines and clarifies the concept of international solidarity,1 its value and significance. Although reviews of international solidarity has been undertaken in the past, including by the present mandate holder’s predecessor, this is the first time that international solidarity has been examined with reference to the text of the proposed draft declaration on the right of peoples and individuals to international solidarity. 2 In that it expounds the concept of international solidarity, the present report will also be of use for the series of regional consultations being held in 2015 as mandated by the Human Rights Council in resolution 26/6. 9. It is not the intention of the Independent Expert in the present report to trace the historical pathways that international solidarity has taken over the decades since the term was first used in a socialist context in the 1890s. Instead, she focuses on the concept of international solidarity in human rights terms, in line with the mandate on human rights and international solidarity established by the Commission on Human Rights, the predecessor of the Human Rights Council. 10. In the present report, the Independent Expert responds to issues around the question as to what international solidarity is and what it is not, in the context of the proposed draft declaration. In view of the limitations on the length of the present report, the core features of international solidarity—preventive solidarity and international cooperation—will be discussed further in subsequent reports. The proposed draft declaration on the right of peoples and individuals to international solidarity itself will be closely and critically analysed in the forthcoming series of regional consultation workshops to be convened in 2015 and early 2016, and the outcome will be described in the Independent Expert’s subsequent reports. II. Human rights and international solidarity A. Attributes of international solidarity 11. The principle of solidarity has been given prominent attention in international law, notably in the writings of Karel Wellens, in which it was analyzed in the light of the “common responsibilities of States, international organizations, peoples and nations, and civil society.”3 It has been said and rightly so, that the principle of solidarity is a concept that progressively moves forward in asserting common rights and responsibilities and in the shaping of an international community, representing values to be attached, as a whole, to the life of present and future generations, and to the development of a democratic and equitable international order.4 12. When she first took up her mandate, the present Independent Expert spoke of solidarity as a persuasion that combines differences and opposites, holding them together in 1 2 3 4 See final paper on human rights and international solidarity, prepared by Chen Siqiu on behalf of the drafting group on human rights and international solidarity of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee (A/HRC/21/66), paras. 11‒14. See A/HRC/26/34, annex, for the full text of the proposed draft declaration on the right of peoples and individuals to international solidarity. T. Van Boven, “The right to peace as an emerging solidarity right”, in Evolving Principles of International Law (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012), p. 137. Ibid., p. 138. 5