A/HRC/22/50 levels, women face discrimination and marginalization, with negative impacts both for them and for society as a whole. Rural women in particular deserve greater attention in food security strategies:11 they fare worse than rural men and urban women and men on all development indicators.12 Chapter II considers women's access to incomes through employment, both on- and off-farm; chapter III considers women's access to social protection; chapter IV examines the role of women as food producers; and chapter V outlines a strategy to eliminate discrimination against women and girls based on human rights, that seeks to take into account the complexities described in the preceding parts. Chapter VI contains a single recommendation to each State, to design and implement, without delay, a strategy as outlined in chapter V. The Special Rapporteur concludes that the empowerment of women should be at the centre of food security strategies, both in order to guarantee the right to food of women, and because it is the most cost-effective measure to reduce hunger and malnutrition for all. Resource constraints cannot justify further delays in doing so. II. Women's access to employment A. Women as waged agricultural workers 8. In previous reports, the Special Rapporteur has explained the obstacles that farmworkers face in enjoying their right to adequate food (see A/HRC/13/33, paras. 10-27). But women farmworkers, who represent 20 to 30 per cent of the approximately 450 million people employed worldwide as waged agricultural workers (the proportion is higher, at around 40 per cent, in Latin America and the Caribbean),13 face specific difficulties. 9. Women are disproportionately represented in the "periphery" part of the workforce that coexists with the "core" segment of permanently employed farmworkers. This "periphery" segment of the workforce is made of unskilled workers, often without a formal contract of employment, and their work is often seasonal or temporary (or classified as such even when it is in fact continuous). The main reason why women are disproportionately represented in this segment is because they have fewer alternative options and are thus „easier‟ to exploit. 10. In addition, it is not unusual for the remuneration in this "periphery" segment to be calculated on a piece-rate basis, based on how much of the task has been accomplished. This mode of calculation of the wage is advantageous to the employer; it generally means that the employer does not provide benefits or social security in addition to the wage earned, and it is a method of calculating wages that is self-enforcing and requires much less supervision. Yet, though the most efficient women sometimes benefit, this mode of calculation of wages may be unfavourable to women in the heavier tasks, where the pay is calculated on the basis of male productivity standards. In addition, it encourages workers, 11 12 13 6 In recognition of this, and based on art. 14 of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Supreme Court of Nepal ordered the adoption of a policy for Nepalese rural women in a verdict of 11 June 2010 (Case 064-wo-186, Advocate Jyoti Lamsal Poudel vs. Government of Nepal). This is a welcome development that other courts could emulate. Inter-Agency Task Force on Rural Women, “Rural women and the Millennium Development Goals,” Fact sheet (2012); see also Decision 50/VI, General statement of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on rural women, adopted 19 October 2011 (A/67/38, part II, annex II). The Committee is currently considering a general recommendation on rural women. FAC-ILO-IUF (Peter Hurst et al.), Agricultural workers and their contribution to sustainable agriculture and rural development (Geneva, 2007), p. 32.