A/HRC/39/55 35. Lack of coordination among States, humanitarian actors and local actors, the lack of clear allocation of responsibilities and the lack of leadership by States are often identified as obstacles to the progressive realization of the human rights to water and sanitation during and after the emergency phase. Governments are expected to play a coordinating role; fragile governments, however, are often further disempowered when they are bypassed in the channelling of humanitarian aid. The government bodies responsible for the water and sanitation sector are often scattered and uncoordinated even when the general situation is stable, a fact that makes coordinated humanitarian intervention even more of a challenge. In Haiti, seven months after the earthquake of January 2010, which killed more than 316,000 people and led to the displacement of 1.5 million people, more than 42 per cent of 1,300 camps across the country were still without water, and 29 per cent were without toilets. Data also showed that only one in three camps had access to water before the cholera outbreak. The Government of Haiti received only 1 per cent of international humanitarian funds, while non-governmental organizations acted as implementing agencies for emergency relief and received almost all the humanitarian aid.29 36. Even in cases of planned displacement and resettlement, planning of sustainable access to water and sanitation is often missing. In Tajikistan, in 2015, the Special Rapporteur was informed that 42,000 people had been displaced owing to a large dam project, and that many of them had no access to water or sanitation because of the lack of planning and of access to information. Some of the displaced had chosen a particular settlement because of the possibility of extracting groundwater; however, pumping the water from the aquifer had turned out to be too expensive, and they therefore had to rely on expensive water from a water truck, without any prospect of constructing a water system (A/HRC/33/49/Add.2, para. 50). 37. The maximum available resources for the progressive realization of the rights to water and sanitation include both the resources existing within a State and those available from the international community through international cooperation and assistance. Most situations of displacement in fact often rely on external funds given that developing countries continue to host the overwhelming majority of forcibly displaced persons. While the cost of meeting the increasing levels of humanitarian need has been growing steadily, global aid commitments for water and sanitation have declined, from $10.4 billion in 2012 to $8.2 billion in 2015. 30 In emergency assistance, including assistance for forcibly displaced persons, priority should be given to realizing their human rights, including the rights to water and sanitation. 31 The “donor fatigue” witnessed with regard to humanitarian assistance, whereby donors stop or reduce their funding commitments as situations recede, is a major challenge. In 2017, humanitarian funding for the Sudan did not meet half of the funding required, for the first time since 2003. In other countries, such as the Central African Republic, Burundi, Ethiopia and the State of Palestine, less than half of the funds requested were provided in 2017.32 38. International cooperation for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights is an obligation of all States, and is particularly incumbent upon those States that are able to assist. 33 Continuing funding is essential for the progressive realization of human rights; developing regions and least developed countries continue, however, to share a disproportionately large responsibility for hosting refugees, asylum seekers and migrants in vulnerable situations. 34 In its statement on the duties of States towards refugees and 29 30 31 32 33 34 10 Mark Schuller and Tania Levey, “Kabrit ki gen twòp mèt: understanding gaps in WASH services in Haiti’s IDP camps, Disasters”, vol. 38, Suppl. 1, 2014. UN-Water and World Health Organization (WHO), Financing Universal Water, Sanitation and Hygiene under the Sustainable Development Goals: UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water, GLAAS 2017 Report, 2017, p. ix. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 15 (2002) on the right to water, para. 34. Norwegian Refugee Council (see footnote 17). Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties’ obligations, para. 14. UNHCR, Global Trends (see footnote 2).