A/HRC/45/CRP.11 2. Security Plans and Policies adopted since 2014 226. The Venezuelan state has organized its security operations since 2014 under a number of high-level security plans. Many of these plans are not publicly available and their terms remain unclear. As well as security plans, the various states of exception and emergency adopted since 2016, detailed above, authorized the President to design and implement public security activities “against destabilizing actions that threaten the peace of the nation”. 227. At different moments since 2014, the Government has announced the introduction of different models of responses to the problem of insecurity. A common thread in several of these is the focus on community-based security and informant networks, often working with police, and sometimes military, security forces, under the concept of “civil-military union”. Another key security policy during this period, the Operations for People’s Liberation (Operaciones de Liberación del Pueblo, OLP) and the Operations for People’s Humane Liberation (Operaciones de Liberación Humanista del Pueblo, OLHP), implemented approximately from January 2015 to July 2017, are discussed in detail in Chapter IV on Violations in a Security and Social Control Context. 228. Several of the security plans have a common underlying logic of creating a “theatre of operations” with the aim of restoring order against “internal enemies”. Internal enemies are defined to include opposition forces, protesters, political parties, smugglers, and possible imperialist agents, among others. The concept of re-establishing the “internal order” guides the conduct of the internal defence operations described in the plans, which involved both military and police personnel. 229. Plan Zamora: Plan Zamora was developed by the CEOFANB and signed by the Minister of Defence Vladimir Padrino López. It was initially said to have been established in 2014, but again activated in April 2017 (the Mission has a copy of the 2017 plan). The purpose of the plan is to ensure internal order in the country, involving military (including the Bolivarian Militia) and police and intelligence forces.576 The plan identifies as among the effects to “internal order” in the political sphere the “disloyalty to the ideas and interests of the country” and “the destabilizing actions of the opposition parties”. 577 Plan Zamora classifies seven kinds of “enemies” of the State.578 In addition, it lists 19 categories of groups considered to be “threats to the internal order”, including categories of political threats, criminal threats and social and economic threats.579 230. With respect to the category of political threats, the plan is implemented under the premise that “in part or throughout the national territory, disaffected and organized groups carry out violent protests that generate serious disturbances to public order”.580 According to the Plan Zamora, such political threats include, media campaigns against the Government, 581 pronouncements by political actors against the Government582 and promotion of criminality and insecurity as part of “a destabilization strategy” by actors against the Government.583 231. Plan Zamora was a matrix plan distributed to the various REDIs and ZODIs to implement. It makes the REDIs responsible for general assessments of the situation in order 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 Comando Estratégico Operacional, Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales Bolivarianas, CEOFANB “Plan Estratégico Operacional Zamora”, Caracas, D.C., 9 April 2014, on file with the Mission. Ibid., p. 7. Ibid., p. 4. The seven categories are: 1) violent organizations or groups outside the law; 2) individuals or groups of organized crime; 3) criminal organizations that attempt against life and public and private property; 4) organizations and foreign Governments, contrary to the legally constituted system of Government, that assume destabilizing actions in the national territory, in support of violent groups; 5) criminal organizations dedicated to the smuggling of extraction or introduction; 6) unscrupulous persons and organizations dedicated to actions of economic warfare, such as usury, hoarding, speculation or boycott; 7) persons or organizations dedicated to environmental depredation for commercial purposes. Ibid., p. 9. Ibid., p. 6. Ibid., p. 12. Ibid. Ibid. 61