A/HRC/31/31 37. When indicators are disaggregated appropriately, they help identify patterns of potential marginalization and discrimination. They improve the visibility of populations who may suffer specific protection gaps resulting from policies that could have appeared neutral in the first place. 38. In Morocco, in the 2012 edition of the Gender Budget Report a new analytical approach based on a gender analysis of budgets from a human rights perspective was taken: This analytical approach is rooted in the principle that all development policies and programmes seek to ensure respect for and the realization of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in other international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Human rights standards and principles thus constitute the main guiding norms for all development planning in every sector and during all stages of the planning process, which is based on structural and procedural indicators and outcomes for the 26 departments involved. (See E/C.12/MAR/4, para. 12, footnote 3.) 39. The principle of self-identification is important to data-gathering and statistical analysis. This principle requires that people should have the ability to self-identify as members of a particular group when confronted with a question seeking sensitive personal information about them, including in the context of data collection relevant to measuring economic, social and cultural rights, such as demographic health surveys or multiple indicator cluster surveys. In general recommendation No. 8 (1990) on membership of racial or ethnic groups based on self-identification, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination clearly states that if no justification appears to the contrary, such identification shall be based upon self-identification of the individual concerned. The experience of the Australian Bureau of Statistics in using the principle of self-identification to count the number of indigenous peoples shows that a well-established social policy and questions on indigenous identity are crucial elements of data collection. Respondents should understand how the data will be used and the benefits of contributing to the collection of data.31 40. While data collection and analysis in the field of migration has improved considerably in recent years, migration policy is still often formulated in a glaring absence of data. Data on migrant stocks and the flows of the migrant population are rarely indicative of their human rights circumstances, including their access to health, education and living and working conditions. The information available often does not account for migrants in an irregular situation. In Mexico, a set of indicators have been developed within programmes under the National Development Plan that are related to the economic, social and cultural rights of migrants. In this context, a set of human rights indicators on migrants’ rights to health, education and decent work, developed by OHCHR in collaboration with United Nations partners and civil society, are being used. A national consultation to assess and refine these indicators in collaboration with a wide range of stakeholders revealed that it is feasible to produce disaggregated data for migrants. This consultation elicited practical suggestions regarding existing data sources and gaps in data collection, including the need to establish a national information system on migration, which is currently under development. 31 12 See Tahu Kukutai and Maggie Walter, “Recognition and indigenizing official statistics: reflections from Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia”, Statistical Journal of the IAOS, vol. 31, No. 2, 2015, pp. 317-326.