A/HRC/41/46/Add.1 79. While the Special Rapporteur acknowledges the declaration by the Government of its political commitment to combating trafficking in persons, she emphasizes that the first indicator of such commitment lies in allocating adequate resources to specialized agencies and programmes dedicated to the fight against trafficking, which, at present, appear significantly underfunded and rely heavily on civil society organizations. Revived political will and better coordination across relevant federal government departments, such as the Ministry of Labour and Employment and the Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, as well as between the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons and State initiatives, is needed to put in place dedicated actions and holistic anti-trafficking responses that effectively address the needs of victims and survivors. A shift from law enforcement and prosecution to the prevention of trafficking and the protection of victims is also needed, as well as more attention paid and concerted efforts made to combat trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, slavery and servitude, exploitation in begging and other forms of exploitation, including domestic forms of trafficking. 80. In terms of protection, while it is commendable that identification is institutionalized through a formal referral system, better coordination is needed between the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons and service providers, border guards and law enforcement. With regard to the massive displacement affecting the north-east of the country following the Boko Haram insurgency and displacement in other parts of the country, increased joint efforts are necessary, including in cooperation with the international community, to identify and refer to the appropriate protection services victims and potential victims of trafficking in camps for internally displaced persons and in host communities, and to integrate anti-trafficking responses into asylum procedures. 81. The Special Rapporteur also notes with appreciation the existence of 10 government shelters for victims of trafficking, but is concerned that they are closed shelters, infringing on the freedom of movement of survivors. She urges the Nigerian authorities to stop this practice. She is positively impressed by the work of civil society organizations running open shelters for victims of trafficking and struggling to guarantee their long-term social inclusion, but with very limited resources. 82. Rehabilitation and full social inclusion of trafficked persons in Nigeria has proven to be particularly challenging. More concerted efforts should be put in place to provide returnees, including adult males and those returned outside the EU-IOM Joint Initiative for Migrant Protection and Reintegration, with valuable job opportunities, as a form of prevention of retrafficking. 83. In terms of investigation and prosecution, better coordination and synergies between investigators, prosecutors and counsellors at the investigation phase is needed, in order to tackle trafficking in a holistic manner. The Special Rapporteur also commends the good practice of the Joint Border Task Force as a promising model of international cooperation in the fight against organized crime. 84. Prevention strategies aimed at addressing the root causes of trafficking, such as poverty and unemployment, gender inequality and discrimination, and factors that increase vulnerability to trafficking, should also be strengthened, in collaboration with the international community and traditional and religious leaders, following the successful initiative of Oba Ewuare II of Benin. B. Recommendations 85. With regard to the international and national legal and institutional framework, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the Government: (a) Ratify, without delay, the Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), the Forced Labour (Supplementary Measures) 16