A/HRC/41/46/Add.1 11. Trafficking destinations also include countries in North Africa, the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, the Russian Federation (including in relation to the 2018 World Cup, during which at least 10 trafficked victims were identified by the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons) and Central Asia, where victims are held in exploitative conditions, in most cases undergoing sexual exploitation, debt bondage and domestic servitude. Cases of trafficking by sea have also been reported in Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea and Mali, where victims are recruited under false promises and end up being forced to work on farm plantations, or as hawkers or salespersons, usually to lift heavy loads at warehouses or stores, and domestic servants. C. Internal forms of trafficking in persons 12. An increasing number of people are trafficked from rural communities in Oyo, Osun and Ogun States in the south-west, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River and Bayelsa States in the south, Ebonyi and Imo States in the south-east and Benue, Niger and Kwara States in the middle belt to cities such as Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Kano, Kaduna, Calabar and Port Harcourt. This type of trafficking regions is predominantly for exploitative domestic work, farm labour and prostitution, with incidents of forced labour particularly prevalent in Lagos. Child trafficking 13. While the Special Rapporteur did not receive any official data on the magnitude of child trafficking during her visit, she was informed that it is still prevalent in Nigeria, including in the form of exploitative child labour. Such forms of labour include domestic servitude, begging, farm labour and work in illegal mining sites and quarries. Other forms of child trafficking include forced marriage, trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, suicide bombing and the use of child soldiers. It also came to the attention of the Special Rapporteur that children, particularly in northern Nigeria, are increasingly subject to internal trafficking in the form of child begging. Most child beggars from the north-western and north-eastern regions come from the Islamic Qur’anic Schools. This is an informal school system, known as almajiri, which dates back to the eleventh century and applies the concept of educating young children in Qur’anic studies away from home. Children, including unaccompanied, separated or orphaned children, are increasingly given into the care of religious teachers (mallams) who run such informal schools. The use of children by religious teachers for child labour has been widely reported. 14. In Nigerian society as a whole, child begging is widespread. Victims of child begging also include children with disabilities, who are lured into the major cities. Poverty, conflict and displacement in the north, as well as reluctance or sheer negligence by the Federal Government to act on this issue, are other contributory factors. Trafficking in camps for internally displaced persons and in host communities 15. Following extremely violent attacks by Boko Haram, hundreds of women and girls from north-eastern states were abducted. Some of them were subjected to domestic servitude, forced labour and sexual slavery through forced marriages to Boko Haram militants. To date, the whereabouts of many of the victims are unknown. 16. As of June 2018, the United Nations reported that there were 1.7 million displaced persons in Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe States. 5 Lack of livelihood opportunities has forced many families to send children as young as 5 years old to hawk items in the streets or beg in order to have money to buy food, and both boys and girls are reportedly engaged in “survival sex”. Internally displaced persons, especially in the northeast, face severe protection problems, including the widespread sexual abuse of women and girls. 5 4 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “North-east Nigeria: humanitarian situation update” (June 2018).