A/HRC/44/44 transnational litigants seeking clarity on whether the behaviours of States and corporations interfere with the enjoyment of fundamental rights. 35 18. Beyond these examples, the Independent Expert highlights two countries whose commitments and partnerships manifest human rights-based international solidarity because they reflect their responsibilities, capacities and social justice goals. One industrialized country in the Pacific is notable for legislating a net-zero target by 2050.36 It is ending fossil fuel exploration permits and planting one billion trees. 37 This country has also pledged $300 million to global climate finance, of which $150 million will go to developing countries in the Pacific. It is committing to support the self-determination and environmental stewardship of indigenous peoples. The country has also focused on climate change adaptation for workers and communities by supporting water quality and the agricultural sector. Finally, this country is prioritizing well-being over economic growth, which carries great potential for human rights-based international solidarity as it promises to catalyse new thinking globally about the relationship between humanity, nature and development.38 It will also mean that its contributions to the impact climate change has in other lands will be reduced significantly. 19. The other country, which is in Asia, is among the places most vulnerable to cyclones, storm surges and floods, which have already resulted in displacement and death. 39 Yet, the country produces as little as 0.3 per cent of global emissions. 40 The country has been responding to this challenge by participating in the international climate regime and collaborating with partners for climate change-related finance and capacity-building. For instance, the country has created a national action plan, established institutional arrangements, and devoted billions to disaster risk management. 41 It also devised a climate change and gender action plan to account for the risks to, and positive contributions of, women.42 From this example, it should be clear that poorer and more vulnerable countries can express human rights-based international solidarity in the climate change field when they work towards adaptation, focus on gender and otherwise safeguard local peoples with the support of those who have both a greater responsibility for the creation of the climate change problem and a stronger capacity to act. C. Regional laws and practices 20. Some regional laws and practices have contributed significantly to enhancing human rights-based international solidarity in the context of climate change as they cultivate fellowship among States in this field, often to their mutual benefit and that of the international community at large. The Inter-American Human Rights System stands out in this connection, as it has produced manifold hearings, reports and other practices that address the development of international human rights law on climate change. Crucially, in 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights released an Advisory Opinion confirming that States have duties to prevent activities within their territories that contravene the human rights of peoples in other States due to the environmental damage that such actions lead to, a ruling that has implications for dealing with the transboundary nature of climate change. 43 The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has provided a forum for 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 See Jacqueline Peel and Hari M. Osofsky, “A rights turn in climate change litigation?”, Transnational Environmental Law, vol. 7, No. 1 (2018). New Zealand, Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill (Royal Assent, November 2019). Government of New Zealand, “Framework for climate change policy and key upcoming decisions” (2018). Government of New Zealand, The Wellbeing Budget (2019). See Gardiner Harris, “Borrowed time on disappearing land”, New York Times, 28 March 2014. Ibid. Government of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2008. Government of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Climate Change and Gender Action Plan (2013). Sumudu Atapattu and Andrea Schapper, Human Rights and the Environment: Key Issues (New York, Routledge, 2019), pp. 97–98. 7