A/HRC/44/53 average monthly cost of internment is estimated at $500.00.41 In the Republic of Korea, the cost ranges from less than 30,000 won ($25.88) to more than 30,000,000 won ($25,875.68).42 Marketing mechanisms operate to support the business model.43 The economic dimension is even present in arrangements in which there is no clear fee or monetary compensation, as with informal arrangements between family members and religious leaders that offer some kind of contribution to the group, church or institution without a direct or explicit link to the “conversion therapy” provided. 32. Some States actively perpetrate or promote abuse through practices of “conversion therapy”. Dominica still contemplates psychiatric treatment as the penalty established by law for consensual same-sex sexual acts.44 Elsewhere, State officials, including judges or police officers, may order “conversion therapy”, even in the absence of explicit legal provisions,45 as was allegedly the case in 2019 of the gay and lesbian prison inmates who were forced into such treatment by the Office of the Head of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in West Java province, Indonesia.46 33. Other States are implementing measures through public policy. Malaysia has adopted several programmes and plans to curb behaviours perceived as immoral, including same-sex behaviour, and specifically promotes practices of “conversion therapy”, 47 including through university programmes, and reports indicate that it supports other practices, including exorcism.48 In February 2018, homosexuality was officially classified as a mental disorder in Indonesia, 49 and, according to information received by the Independent Expert, several officials in West Java province called for policies that would target lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and gender-diverse people for arrest and so-called “rehabilitation”, a policy that motivated an expression of concern from the Independent Expert and other mandate holders.50 That follows a pattern of increasingly discriminatory and pathologizing policies:51 in 2016, several religious councils released a joint statement that lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and gender-diverse people could be helped to “get back on track to normalcy” and to eradicate so-called “deviant sexual tendencies”.52 34. In addition, the Independent Expert notes that the criminalization of diversity in sexual orientation and gender identity encourages practices of “conversion therapy”. C. Persons subjected to practices of “conversion therapy” 35. Research has often focused on practices of “conversion therapy” in relation to sexual orientation, rather than gender identity, and, within the former, on the impact on gay men: of 55 studies reviewed by the American Psychological Association in 2009, 43 were 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 8 Submission by Pedro Felipe Rivadeneira Orellana. Submission by SungWon Yoon-Lee and Eunhui Yoon. See https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.9b9. Dominica, Sexual Offences Act (1998), section 16. See irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/1027. See www.prison-insider.com/en/articles/indonesie-prison-officials-believe-inmates-are-turning-gayafter-sleeping-next-to-the-same-ex. National strategic plan to end AIDS, 2016–2030, and the action plan to address social ills of LGBT behaviour. See also www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/07/malaysia-health-ministry-propagates-harmfulanti-lgbt-myths. Traditional and complementary medicine blueprint, 2018–2027; Asia Pacific Transgender Network presentation at expert meeting. See also www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-06/indonesia-lgbtqiconversion-therapy/10576900. In 2016, the Indonesian Psychiatrists Association classified homosexuality, bisexuality and transsexualism as mental disorders that “can be cured through proper treatment”; see www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/24/indonesian-psychiatrists-label-lgbt-mental-disorders.html. See https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublic CommunicationFile?gId=24329. Asia Pacific Transgender Network presentation at expert meeting. See www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/18/must-not-support-lgbt-heal-them-religiousleaders.html.