A/HRC/42/44/Add.1 longer have access to integration programmes, such as language classes and work skills courses, as was the case in the former reception system. Rejected asylum seekers who do not have a right to submit an appeal and do not have access to other forms of protection or to a permit of stay, are requested to leave the country. This hardened approach risks driving migrants into more precarious situations and into the hands of criminal structures as an alternative to being repatriated. The exclusion from reception centres will most likely increase the number of people living in informal settlements. 24 Role of organized crime in labour exploitation in agriculture 80. Many of the Special Rapporteur’s interlocutors mentioned that organized crime penetrates the agricultural sector “from soil to store shelves”, meaning from production through supply chains to distribution. Concretely, organized crime is involved in land hoarding, fraud, illegal hiring, labour exploitation and illegal transport. 81. As explained to the Special Rapporteur, the involvement of organized crime in the agrifood sector is because it is highly profitable. The profit margins of products, such as those labelled “made in Italy”, have led to increased interest from criminal organizations, as doing criminal business in agriculture is safer than drug trafficking or other illegal activities. 82. The value of the so-called agromafia business has almost doubled from 12.5 billion euros in 2011 to more than 22 billion euros in 2018, which accounts for 15 per cent of the total estimated mafia turnover. The Italian mafia is also involved in human trafficking in cooperation with foreign organized criminal networks. Particularly in southern Italy, organized crime is involved in all economic sectors, including agriculture. The regions most affected by the caporalato overlap with the regions most affected by mafia crimes. Based on reports received, the caporali may well be extorted by the local mafia clans. 83. In the absence of effective local governance and a State presence in regions such as Calabria, people rely on illegal structures, including the caporali, to provide basic services. That allows organized crime to penetrate all the operations linked to agriculture, from production to packaging, transportation and distribution. Examples of addressing labour exploitation at the national, regional and local level 84. Many alternative models to labour exploitation and ensuring the protection of victims and of their rights exist. Most initiatives in this regard are driven by nongovernmental actors. In Calabria, for example, the project Incipit, which is part of the Comunità Progetto Sud, identifies and supports victims of trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation while raising awareness of workers’ rights. 85. The project Terragiusta is a campaign against labour exploitation in agriculture which was initiated in 2014. Through the non-governmental organization Medici per i Diritti Umani, a professional team provides medical assistance, legal orientation and awareness-raising in relation to labour rights to migrants in informal settlements. Through a mobile clinic, the legal, sanitary and health conditions of migrant workers are assessed and addressed in a holistic way. 86. In Cerignola, Apulia, the non-profit organization Terra! launched an experimental project of social inclusion through agriculture entitled “IN CAMPO! Senza caporale” with some local partners, such as the Cooperativa Sociale Altereco. Formerly exploited migrants work on organic farms and have access to decent housing in nearby urban centres. In this way, dignity is returned to the workers by providing a viable alternative to exploitation. 87. In Latina, the sociologist Marco Omizzolo has been defending and promoting decent working and living conditions for Punjabi workers for over a decade. Based on his 24 See communication from special procedures mandate holders (JAL ITA 2/2018), available from https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TmSearch/SearchCode?code=ITA%204/2017;%20ITA%202/2018; %20ITA%204/2018. 13