A/HRC/6/15 page 7 programmes to establish parks or nature reserves, especially in the tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world (where a large proportion of the indigenous population is concentrated). In some cases the general growth strategy involves an integrated local development approach based on the participation of indigenous peoples and communities as development units. It is here that the changes have had their most pronounced impact. A term that has more recently come into use is development with identity. 11. Yet despite the progress achieved and the abundant resources invested in these development programmes for decades, the tangible results have been relatively modest. Indigenous peoples have had little opportunity to become involved in their own development, since they are treated as the object of policies designed by others. Invoking the notion of human rights-based development, many indigenous peoples are now demanding autonomy and self-determination as an essential basis for promoting and managing their own development (a concept defined in terms of their own cultural values rather than one invented by the industrial economy). Without autonomy, they say, there can be no genuine human and social development, as opposed to economic growth measured in quantitative terms. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples specifically recognizes self-determination and autonomy as human rights of indigenous peoples. II. HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 12. The international consensus on the interdependence between development and human rights was forged in the context of the World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen in 1996, the Millennium Summit of the United Nations and the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2005. Since its adoption as a United Nations principle, human rights-based development has begun to gain acceptance internationally and in some countries domestically as a frame of reference for public social and economic policies. The United Nations specialized agencies, international technical cooperation agencies, some local and regional national development strategies and many civil-society organizations are now adopting this model. 13. The basic principle underlying this approach is that the realization of human rights should be the end goal of development, and that development should therefore be perceived as a relationship between rights holders and the corresponding duty bearers. All programmes designed in accordance with this approach incorporate human rights indicators for the purpose of monitoring and assessing the impact of development projects and programmes. The key to this approach lies in its explicit link to human rights norms and principles, which are used to identify the start-up situation and goals and to assess the development impact. 14. The rights-based approach attaches importance both to results and to the development process itself, which should take into account basic principles such as the indivisibility and universality of human rights; non-discrimination, especially in the case of vulnerable or marginalized groups; participation and empowerment; and accountability. It follows that human rights-based development requires changes not only in priorities and in the development discourse but also political and institutional changes, with a shift of emphasis from microprojects to public policies as a whole.