A/HRC/38/30 the murder of a colleague some hours earlier. After the operation, three civilians were found dead with gunshots to the head, suggesting summary executions. Nine other civilians, including three women, were severely beaten by the Haitian National Police during the operation and at least two of them were threatened with summary execution. The Brigade arrested the nine individuals on charges of the murder of a police officer. During the operation, officers of the Brigade also arbitrarily assaulted local residents, looted shops and burned down three housing complexes. 42. On 13 November, the Haitian National Police, with support from the United Nations police, conducted an operation in Grand-Ravine (West Department) to neutralize gang activity in the area. After the planned operation ended and the United Nations police were preparing to withdraw, an exchange of fire ensued between the Haitian National Police and individuals hiding in the school, which resulted in the death of two policemen and three being injured. During the operation, the Haitian National Police reportedly killed eight unarmed individuals, including 2 women, beat 3 school staff members and arrested 32 individuals. Several of those killed were found with gunshots to the head, suggesting summary executions. One civilian has remained missing following these events, which amounts to a forced disappearance. The use of tear gas in a school in which students and teachers were present further suggests that the Haitian National Police resorted to excessive use of force. 43. The judicial authorities have not yet taken steps to hold those responsible for human rights violations committed in the context of these two operations accountable for their actions. The General Inspectorate conducted administrative inquiries into both incidents. In the case of Lilavois, three officers of the Brigade were placed in administrative confinement on 10 November 2017. In the case of Grand Ravine, the General Inspectorate inquiries concluded that human rights violations were committed and several administrative measures were taken against some of the implicated officers of the Haitian National Police. These measures included suspension without pay, redeployment or removal from the police force. While the General Inspectorate and judicial authorities have indicated that those responsible are expected to face trial, at the time of drafting the present report, no judicial investigation has been initiated in the case. These incidents are emblematic of wider patterns of violations committed by the police in Haiti and demonstrate the urgent need to ensure accountability. D. Impunity for past gross human rights violations 44. For almost 30 years, during the Duvalier regime, massive and grave human rights violations were perpetrated, including violations of the rights to life, liberty, integrity, justice, and freedom of expression (see A/HRC/25/71, paras. 58–59). Human rights violations, including civil rights and liberties, persisted after Jean-Claude Duvalier left the country in 1986 (see A/49/513, annex, para. 6). In 1991, the Armed Forces staged a coup d’état that ousted then-President Aristide, the first democratically elected president. Under the military dictatorship, State agents regularly carried out summary executions, forced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture (see E/CN.4/1996/94, para. 8). Acts of violence perpetrated by groups supporting or opposing President Aristide were also denounced (see A/HRC/31/77, para. 75). 45. None of the perpetrators of these violations has been punished. In 1995, after being reinstated, President Aristide created the National Commission for Truth and Justice to investigate human rights abuses that took place under the military rule between 1991 and 1994. Its final report, produced in February 1996, shed light on the violations committed by the Armed Forces. However, no similar body has documented violations committed before 1991. 46. For years, victims attempted to have their complaints of human rights violations decided by a court of law. In February 2014, in a landmark decision, a court of appeal l’homme en Haïti: 1er juillet 2015–31 décembre 2016”, para. 23. 10