A/HRC/10/16 page 25 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions • In terms of the challenges associated with tackling human trafficking, the lack of reliable and complete data is a major problem. Therefore, an effective means for combating trafficking in persons will require enhanced information-sharing between States through bilateral and multilateral cooperation and increased data collection capacities, including through the systematic collection of gender- and age-disaggregated data. • Since trafficking is mostly a cross-border phenomenon, no one State can tackle it alone and cooperation is therefore imperative. Hence, there is a need to increase cooperation and capacity of States to handle readmission and reintegration of trafficking victims in line with human rights. • Victims are often hidden in the community and the unregulated sectors of the economy, and are engaged in sex work, domestic work, begging, armed conflicts, or farm labour; therefore resources must be committed for law enforcement and redress for victims. Even though trafficking is intertwined with other criminal activities such as smuggling, drugs and arms trafficking, States must avoid treating trafficking only from a crime and border-control perspective or simply as a migration issue. Multilevel approaches are needed that will focus on various perspectives including human rights; crime control and criminal justice; migration; and labour. • The root causes of trafficking, such as demand for cheap labour, sex tourism, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, conflicts, corruption and restrictive immigration policies of favoured countries for migrants, are insufficiently tackled. • Trafficking in persons results in cumulative breaches of human rights, and this correlation needs to be recognized in any intervention effort. As far as the mandate of the Special Rapporteur is concerned, the real challenge is not just in adopting strategies that will effectively lead to catching the perpetrators and punishing them. Rather, it is preferable to put in place strategies that will focus equally on the victim by recognizing and redressing the violations suffered, empowering the victim to speak out without being doubly victimized, jeopardized or stigmatized, while at the same time targeting the root causes of human trafficking. The strategies must be people-centred, bearing in mind that human trafficking is about persons whose basic right to live free particularly from fear and want is under constant threat. We must recognize the dignity of the victims and their right to survival and development. Thus, restorative justice is central to combating human trafficking. • While addressing root causes, innovative approaches need to be sought in tackling the complex problem of human trafficking. The Special Rapporteur believes that international, regional and national strategies for combating trafficking rest on the following “5 P’s” and “3 R’s” - Protection, Prosecution, Punishment, Prevention,