A/HRC/20/20 the question as being limited to an inquiry about gender balance in the capacity-building of judges. The intention was to learn about gender balance and to understand how the content of capacity-building courses integrated a gender perspective. It was, however, possible to identify some examples, whether the question was interpreted as limited or more broadly. 1. Gender balance 76. In Austria, special attention is paid to gender balance in the judiciary; furthermore, seminars and special support for women magistrates after maternal leave are provided. In Nigeria, the participation of women in the judiciary is mandatory. Courses on women’s human rights and courses on international and regional women rights conventions are offered. In the Philippines, gender sensitivity is mainstreamed through the gender sensitivity committee of the Supreme Court. In France, gender is considered throughout the entire education process; indeed, it was reported that, in France, there are more women magistrates than men. 2. Gender sensitivity training for judges and lawyers 77. The flagship publication in 2011 of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) entitled “Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice”, underscored that while there had been a transformation in women’s legal rights, laws that exist on paper did not always translate into equality and justice for most of the world’s women. In the report, 10 recommendations were made to make justice systems work for women, including a recommendation to train judges and monitor their decisions. It was concluded that balanced, well-informed and unbiased judicial decisionmaking was “an essential part of ensuring that women who go to court get justice”. 78. In 2012, UN-Women conducted a mapping exercise on specialized training for judges and lawyers on women’s human rights and gender equality issues, in order to identify the extent and types of training programmes. Interviews were carried out with staff members, and a range of documents was reviewed. The mapping illustrated the types of initiatives that have been supported and evaluated by United Nations bodies since 2007, and the recommendations emerging from evaluation reports and assessments. The information below is based on the mapping results. 79. Training initiatives for judges, prosecutors and lawyers on women’s human rights and gender equality issues are carried out and supported by a number of United Nations bodies, including OHCHR, UN-Women, the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Many of these initiatives are carried out jointly by various United Nations agencies; however, not all training programmes are evaluated systematically. The Special Rapporteur recommends that assessments be carried out in order to determine the effectiveness of capacity-building programmes and that they be adjusted if necessary. 80. UN-Women has supported various capacity-building projects for judges, magistrates, prosecutors, lawyers, paralegals and other legal actors in the formal and informal justice sectors in many States in Africa, Asia, Central and South-eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. Its training initiatives have focused in particular on sexual and gender-based violence, including when committed during armed conflicts. They have also covered other areas, such as gender equality in the workplace, women’s rights within the family and women’s access to justice, including through transitional justice mechanisms. The content has included the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and other international human rights treaties, international 20