A/HRC/20/20 48. The Special Rapporteur highlights the fact that, when international treaties are given constitutional status, allegations that international provisions are in conflict with the Constitution are less likely. The protection of human rights tends, therefore, to be more effective, reducing the margin of judicial discretion in the interpretation of legal provisions.6 49. The independence of the judiciary is laid down by the Constitution in the majority of participating States, followed by its further clarification in organic or ordinary laws. GLOBAL THEMATIC STUDY HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION AND CONTINUING TRAINING OF LEGAL PROFESSIONALS Participating countries - Legal provision establishing the independence of the Judiciary 87,9% 90,0% 80,0% 70,0% 60,0% 50,0% % 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 6,1% 10,0% 3,0% 3,0% 0,0% Yes, in the Constitution Yes, in ordinary legislation Yes, in another type of No, there is neither provision constituional nor legal provision 50. The replies also indicated that, in 56.7 per cent of cases, there was no specific legal provision regarding the implementation of decisions or recommendations of international human rights bodies and/or regional human rights courts. 51. With regard to the qualifications and training of judges, magistrates, prosecutors, lawyers and public defenders, most States had the requirements for qualification as regulated by law; 79.2 per cent for the profession of judge; 73.3 per cent for public prosecutors; 71.8 per cent for lawyers; and 57.7 per cent for public defenders. Training is required by law only in half of the States, and when training is on human rights, the number of States with such a law is halved again. C. Human rights education and ongoing training of legal professionals 52. In general, legal professionals start their careers after completing their law education in law faculties or schools at universities. According to the responses concerning the curricula of law schools, in 64.5 per cent of participating States, courses on human rights and fundamental freedoms were mandatory; however, in only 42.1 per cent of those States were courses on international human rights law actually compulsory. Issues of human rights and fundamental freedoms are studied in courses on, inter alia, international and constitutional law, political sciences, social sciences and civic education. 6 14 A/HRC/14/26, paras. 21-22.