A/HRC/10/7 page 20 participation in decision-making processes related to housing; or lack of protection against discriminatory practices of private actors. Lending practices may discriminate against particular groups such as nomads, minorities, migrants and women. 61. Members of minority groups trying to purchase homes may face discrimination, for instance from mortgage lending institutions. They may be denied equal access to capital (as they may be less likely to obtain mortgage financing) or receive less favourable conditions for a mortgage when one is obtained. 62. A number of studies in the United States have shown differences in loan denial related to race. As for discrimination in loan conditions, as discussed in the description of subprime mortgages above, lenders have often targeted low-income and minority communities, people who would otherwise be considered too risky for a conventional loan. Because of their weaker credit profile, they were charged higher interest rates. According to Federal Reserve data, about 46 per cent of Hispanics and 55 per cent of African Americans who obtained mortgages in 2005 got higher-cost loans compared with about 17 per cent of whites and Asians. A typical subprime borrower was slated to pay $5,222 more during the first four years of a $166,000 mortgage compared to a similar borrower with a normal mortgage. Over 30 years, this borrower would pay $35,874 more in interest payments.69 63. While such data could be at least partly explained by ethnic income disparities, other sources confirm that African Americans were five times more likely to receive a subprime loan than whites, even when they qualified for a loan at lower, prime rates.70 The proportion of subprime home loans by race was 52.44 per cent for African American families, 40.66 per cent for Hispanic families and 22.20 per cent for white non-Hispanic families.71 Obviously, such differences place these groups in a far more vulnerable position in the event of a crisis such as the current one. 64. In Spain, where according to information submitted by the Consejo General del Poder Judicial (General Council of the Judiciary) it is estimated that the percentage of foreclosures will rise during 2009 by up to 194 per cent relative to 2007,72 with migrants from Latin America 69 K. Ernst, D. Bocian and W. Li, Steered Wrong: Brokers, Borrowers, and Subprime Loans, Center for Responsible Lending, 2008. 70 E. Warren, and A. Warren Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers are Going Broke (New York, Basic Books, 2003). 71 Center for Responsible Lending, Updated Projections of Subprime Foreclosures in the United States and Their Impact on Home Values and Communities, CRL Issue Brief, August 2008. 72 El Poder Judicial alerta de que los embargos de pisos crecerán hasta un 200 por ciento, Información.es, 7 December 2008.