A/HRC/38/45 incidents, male refugees reported not seeking help from authorities owing to lack of confidence that justice would be afforded to them.36 39. Generally, the link between migrants’ vulnerabilities to labour exploitation and trafficking has not been acknowledged. On the contrary, it is ignored or culturally accepted, such as the reported cases of exploitation of migrant workers in the agricultural sector in Southern Europe, and in other informal sectors where migrants, and especially irregular migrants, are more exposed to exploitative conditions, including the agriculture, construction and textile industries. In those sectors, women are also targets for labour exploitation. Indeed, situations have also been reported in which women are exploited from a labour perspective in fields during the day, then exploited sexually during the night.37 In addition, the business practices of recruitment intermediaries, who are largely unregulated or informal, such as the charging of fees to migrant workers or the arrangement of unclear and informal working arrangements, are still largely viewed as common rather than abusive conditions of work. C. Identification in countries of destination 40. Migrants in vulnerable situations in countries of destination remain of concern to assistance providers. Lack of protection, inadequate housing solutions and limited or lack of legal residence or employment are some of the issues raised and which impact on the identification of victims and potential victims of trafficking from among migrants. This lack of protection or assistance resources continues to increase the risk of migrants to exploitation, amounting in some cases to trafficking in persons. 38 41. Concerning the identification of children, child protection services are often not trained to identify and establish a specific protection programme for child victims of trafficking. As a consequence, adults accompanying children are identified as family members or guardians, while in reality may be linked to the traffickers, or children may be placed in centres with little protection, to be picked up by a trafficker at a later stage. 39 42. In addition, a lack of adequate response in the country of destination increases the risk that refugees and migrants will be returned to the first country of arrival or their country of origin. As a consequence, people on the move often prefer to remain in an irregular situation rather than being identified and therefore registered through a formal procedure.40 Meanwhile, asylum procedures offer an opportunity to detect indications of trafficking, in addition to or as an alternative to grounds for international protection, eventually leading to a referral to services on the grounds of trafficking or risk of trafficking. Therefore, following existing good practices, it is absolutely necessary to train asylum staff to detect trafficking indications and cooperate with NGO service providers. 41 43. As noted above, refugees and migrants are not likely to discuss their situation during first arrival interviews or in their encounters with different services along their journey through transit countries. In many cases, experiences of exploitation and trafficking in persons will only be shared at a later stage of the journey and not necessarily on arrival at the destination country. Such information is more likely to be shared in the context of a long-established relationship with a service provider that might not be originally mandated to perform identification, for example, health providers or protection actors. An exclusive focus on identification by border or other front-line officials might not provide the desired results. On the contrary, it would be more beneficial to train and raise awareness among a 36 37 38 39 40 41 International Rescue Committee, “Vulnerability assessment of Syrian Refugee Men in Lebanon” (2016). Available at www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/document/464/irclebanonrefugeemensvulnerabilityassessment.pdf. Submission of Proxima NGO. Submission of La Strada International. Submission of Swedish Platform Civil Society against Human Trafficking. Ibid. See for example, www.unhcr.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Linee-Guida-identificazione-vittime-ditratta.pdf. 11