A/HRC/30/20 These activities inform and lead into their engagement in regional and international human rights reporting mechanisms, starting with engagement at the national level, through the national consultations and report preparation, through the external aspect, and back to the national level for the implementation phase. Their role in bringing cases at the national, regional or international level is also important. Measures regarding prevention of human rights abuses by private actors 21. States generally have discretion in deciding upon the appropriate steps to prevent, investigate, punish and redress private actors’ abuse. They should consider the full range of permissible preventative and remedial measures, including policies, legislation, regulations and adjudication.46 For example, with relation to discrimination against women, the appropriate measures include the regulation of the activities of private actors with regard to education, employment and health policies and practices, working conditions and work standards, and other areas in which private actors provide services or facilities, such as banking and housing (CEDAW/C/GC/28, para. 13). 22. Importantly, States do not relinquish their international human rights law obligations when they privatize the delivery of services 47 such as water and sanitation (A/HRC/15/31), education (A/69/402) or powers of arrest or detention.48 States should ensure that they can effectively oversee the enterprises’ activities, including through the provision of adequate independent monitoring and accountability mechanisms. 23. Concomitantly to State obligations, the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights49 set out the elements which business enterprises should follow in order to meet their corporate responsibility to respect human rights. First, they must institute a policy commitment to meet the responsibility to respect. Second, they must undertake ongoing human rights due diligence to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for their human rights impact, and be prepared to communicate their commitment and actions externally, including to those groups likely to be affected by their operations. As operations, context and impact may change, a business enterprise should periodically reassess its potential or actual impact on all human rights. Business enterprises should also seek to prevent or mitigate any adverse impact that is directly linked to their operations, products or services through their business relationships. Finally, they must have processes in place to enable remediation for any adverse human rights impact to which they cause or contribute. B. The role of human rights education 24. Human rights education contributes to the prevention of human rights violations and conflict, and to the enhancement of participation in decision-making processes within a democratic system.50 It should be intended as a lifelong and participatory process developing knowledge, skills and attitudes which prompt behaviour to defend and promote human rights. In this sense, it empowers rights-holders to claim their rights, and develops the capacity of those with power and responsibility (duty-bearers), such as the police, 46 47 48 49 50 Guiding Principle 1 on Business and Human Rights. Ibid., Guiding Principle 5 and commentary. Human Rights Committee General Comment No. 35, para. 8. See also “The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights – An Interpretive Guide” (OHCHR, 2012). United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training, para. 2; A/HRC/27/28, paras. 1–9. 9