A/HRC/20/18 as in the United States and Nigeria.91 The Netherlands built on the experience by providing the Nigerian agency for the prohibition of traffic in persons (see paragraph 61 above) with training and technical assistance for detectives, prosecutors and border police. 92 Another example of cross-border collaboration can be seen in Rwanda, whose national police Aantitrafficking unit has collaborated with police in Burundi to rescue victims. In addition, Rwanda has set up the Isange Centre to rehabilitate victims and has made efforts to train law enforcement officials, including by sending them abroad.93 70. Extradition is another important legal mechanism for ensuring the effective prosecution of suspects, precluding the ability of traffickers to flee to a “safe haven” State.94 The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime requires States parties to treat offences established in accordance with the Protocol as extraditable offences under domestic law, and to ensure that such offences are included as extraditable offences in current and future extradition treaties. A number of regional instruments, such as the Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors, in its article 10, specifically identify trafficking as an extraditable offence. A number of States have explicitly provided that trafficking is an extraditable offence. 95 71. While extradition is instrumental in ensuring the efficient prosecution of suspected traffickers, thereby upholding the interests of both the victim and the State, the Special Rapporteur notes the importance of ensuring a rights-based approach to extradition, which would require consideration of the human rights implications of action at all stages of the extradition process. Such safeguards include an evidentiary test to protect individuals from being extradited on the basis of groundless allegations and/or from requests made in bad faith or to punish a person on account of their race, sex, religion, nationality, ethnic origin or political opinions.96 The Special Rapporteur also emphasizes the fact that the right to a fair trial, as provided for in articles 9, 14, 15 and 16 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, must apply to all extradited persons. Similarly, the principle of nonrefoulement prohibits the return of a person where she or he would suffer discrimination or where this would result in the extradited individual being subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 97 G. Capacity-building 72. A corollary of the fact that States have a responsibility to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate trafficking crimes with due diligence is the development of criminal justice agencies and institutions equipped to handle trafficking and other crimes. Integrated training that promotes a rights-based approach and provide technical skills is of critical value in the fight against trafficking.98 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 18 A/HRC/20/18/Add.3, para. 48. Submission by the Netherlands, p. 4. United States Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2011 (see footnote 23), Rwanda, p. 308. United Nations Convention against Corruption, art. 44. For example, see submission by Madagascar, p. 2. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, art. 16, para. 14. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, art. 3, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 13, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 14. See Recommended Principles and Guidelines: Commentary (see footnote 6), pp. 197-198.