A/HRC/22/65 is put at 4.2 million, fewer than 200,000 have regular formal work. At least 84 per cent of university graduates live abroad.”2 9. Although, in his previous report, the independent expert expressed satisfaction with the steps taken to institute the main reforms envisaged with respect to the rule of law, the picture that he draws in the present report is more mixed. Admittedly, from a formal point of view, progress has been achieved thanks to the major social programmes launched by the President and the Prime Minister to tackle extreme poverty.3 In practice, however, the situation seems to have stalled for many reasons, including delays in disbursements of funds pledged by the international community. II. Rule of law 10. Respect for the rule of law is a key factor in human security, but human security is not confined to the restoration of the rule of law. The establishment of the rule of law is posited, first and foremost, on the establishment of a State in which laws are proposed by the Government, voted on by parliament and implemented by the executive under parliamentary scrutiny. 11. The establishment of the rule of law cannot be reduced to reforming judicial institutions, the criminal justice system, and the police or prison service so as to pave the way for the enjoyment and exercise of civil and political rights. 12. The establishment of the rule of law also means ensuring the proper functioning of public services and of the institutions that are required not only to safeguard persons and property but also to enable all citizens to exercise all the rights set forth in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which the Haitian Parliament has ratified. By making this political gesture, the Government of Michel Martelly has sent a strong signal of the determination and commitment of the Government and the Parliament to improving socioeconomic conditions in the country. 13. This holistic approach should inform the choices made by international and bilateral institutions when deciding on cooperation and technical assistance programmes and should thus gradually lead to a state of affairs in which everyone is guaranteed access not only to justice but also to education, a health-care system, drinking water and sanitation services, adequate and decent housing, employment income, and training. 14. It was for this reason too that, in his meetings with them, the independent expert stressed that President Martelly, the Prime Minister and other Government ministers should make specific reference to the rule of law in their programme documents. Each minister holds part of the puzzle of what the rule of law should ultimately look like in Haiti, but ministers do not really see what their role is in establishing the rule of law. 15. For that reason, and also with a view to developing a coherent approach to the establishment of the rule of law among all ministries, the independent expert proposed that steps should be taken to appoint an interministerial delegate or a deputy prime minister with 2 3 4 Message of President Martelly on the general situation of the country, delivered at the opening of Parliament on 9 January 2012 (www.parlementhaitien.ht). Several social welfare programmes (Ti Manman Cheri, Aba Grangou, Kore Ledikasyon, Kore ekonomi familyal) for Haitians living below the poverty line have been incorporated into the “EDE PÈP” strategic programme. The programme provides for: cash transfers to women heads of household, students, older persons and persons with disabilities; food assistance for the extremely poor and for schoolchildren; free education for children and literacy training for adults; and, lastly, support for economic revitalization in rural and urban areas. GE.13-10672