A/HRC/29/20 III. Good practices to eliminate female genital mutilation A. Legislative measures 12. At the time of writing, more than 40 countries have enacted legislation against female genital mutilation. In Mauritania, ordinance 2005–2015 prohibits medical practitioners and government health facilities from carrying out the procedure. Egypt and Kenya prohibit parents and guardians from pressurizing their children to undergo the practice. Ugandan and Kenyan laws on female genital mutilation make its performance and the discrimination against a woman who has not undergone the practice a crime. In Nigeria, while there is no federal law prohibiting the practice, states can enact specific legislation prohibiting the practice, as several already have. 13. Research by the Demographic and Health Surveys Programme (http://dhsprogram.com) indicates significant reductions in prevalence where States have enacted and enforced comprehensive criminal sanctions against female genital mutilation. In Kenya, where the prevalence rate has fallen from more than 50 per cent of girls in 1980 to 20 per cent in 2010, 71 cases related to the practice have gone to court and 16 of these cases have resulted in convictions. Burkina Faso has witnessed a reduction in the practice among young women and has recorded at least seven convictions for practising or abetting female genital mutilation. In 2014, two public mobile tribunal hearings in two separate provinces involving the mutilation of 14 girls resulted in six-month sentences for the perpetrators. Eritrea has convicted and fined at least 155 female genital mutilation practitioners, as well as parents of girls who underwent the practice, while Ethiopia has undertaken 13 prosecutions and, in Guinea-Bissau, at least 14 cases have gone to court and one perpetrator has been sentenced since 2012. In Uganda, following the adoption of the Female Genital Mutilations Act in 2010, 15 cases were brought before courts and, in November 2014, five people were convicted for performing the practice. Since 1983, when it introduced a special act prohibiting female genital mutilation, France has jailed about 100 persons for involvement in the practice. French police claims that the number of mutilations has decreased as a result of the trials and other prevention initiatives. 9 On 26 January 2015, in the first case since the adoption of a 2008 law against female genital mutilation, a court in Egypt convicted a medical doctor following the death of a 13 year old girl after he had performed the practice on her in a private clinic. 14. Cross-border female genital mutilation is increasingly documented, partly owing to the criminalization of the practice and to strict enforcement of legislation prohibiting it in countries with large practicing communities. In accordance with article 44, paragraph 3, of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, States parties must ensure that the practice is punishable if committed in a third country by or against one of their nationals or residents, even if the practice is not considered a criminal offence in that country. Similarly, States parties must take the measures necessary to establish jurisdiction over a female genital mutilation offence when an alleged perpetrator is present on their territory. This principle of extraterritoriality has been introduced into many European laws. Sections 1 and 4 of the Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland make it a criminal offence for any person, regardless of their nationality or residence status, to carry out or be involved in carrying out female genital mutilation. In 2006, Italy introduced a specific criminal law provision on the practice (Law No. 7/2006), 9 6 European Institute for Gender Equality, Good practices in combating female genital mutilation (Luxembourg, 2013).