A/HRC/26/33 internal displacement. African States were among the first in the world to adopt national laws and policies based on the Guiding Principles. The six African States to have developed laws and policies on internally displaced persons are Angola (2000), Burundi (2001), Sierra Leone (2002), Uganda (2004), the Sudan (2009) and Kenya (2012), while Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are in currently developing relevant laws. 36. Even before Nigeria ratified the Kampala Convention in April 2012, the Nigerian authorities were taking steps to better coordinate their response to internal displacement. In 2003, a committee was established to draft a national policy on internally displaced persons to define the role and responsibilities of State agencies and of civil society organizations. The draft policy was presented to the Government in 2011, and was subsequently revised and reviewed by multiple stakeholders. A policy on migration was also drafted in 2013, including provisions on internal displacement. Both policies are due to be presented to the Federal Executive Council for adoption in 2014.14 C. Scope of the Convention 37. The Kampala Convention directly incorporates the United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement,15 and proceeds from the premise of the primary responsibility of the State in addressing internal displacement. The Convention, however, goes beyond the Guiding Principles by articulating the need for a holistic response to internal displacement based on a combined framework of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. Such a framework provides a platform for all stakeholders – States but also all other groups and entities involved in or affected by internal displacement – to analyse the multiple causes of internal displacement and to identify appropriate responses to these phenomena, including durable solutions. In this regard, the Convention stresses that humanitarian and development actors both have an important role to play in a comprehensive response to problems related to internal displacement. Equally, the Convention stresses the need for the active participation of those affected by displacement, including vulnerable groups of displaced persons and host communities. 1. Obligations of States parties (a) Protection from involuntary or forced displacement (i) Arbitrary displacement 38. Article 3 of the Kampala Convention recognizes the general obligation of States to refrain from, prohibit and prevent arbitrary displacement of populations, as well as the obligation to prevent some of the underlying causes of internal displacement, such as political, social, cultural and economic exclusion and marginalization, as well as to respect and protect the human rights of internally displaced persons and to respect international humanitarian law. 39. The Convention has made important advances in articulating the right to be protected from arbitrary displacement by elaborating a number of acts that may cause it. While international human rights law does not clearly spell out the right not to be arbitrarily displaced, some components of this right are to be found in the right to freedom of 14 15 10 IDMC, “The Kampala Convention. One year on: progress and prospects”, 6 December 2013, available from www.internal-displacement.org/publications/2013/the-kampala-convention-one-yearon-progress-and-prospects-2. E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, annex.