A/HRC/36/51 focus of migration policy in Mexico is the detention and return of irregular migrants, even in the case of unaccompanied children. From January 2014 to June 2015, 14,864 unaccompanied migrant children were returned to their countries of origin. 39 38. Other sources reveal that over 85 per cent of unaccompanied migrant children from Central America who enter Mexico are eventually deported. Mexico does not comply with the 2011 reforms of the Migration Act, including the requirement to consider the best interests of the child before repatriating migrants. 40 39. The massive number of child returnees and the lack of preparation for their reintegration is a serious issue in Central America. For instance, El Salvador reported a total of 7,545 child migrant returnees from Mexico in 2015, an increase of 4,944 from 2014; in the case of Guatemala, in the same year, there was a total of 9,613 minor returnees, with the country from which they were returned not specified. 41 40. Some governments in Latin America have participated in special training and workshops on childhood, migration and human rights. Most migration offices have no personnel assigned exclusively to work with unaccompanied migrant children. There are almost no local authorities or institutions in the region that work specifically on this topic. Although legal frameworks to protect both migrants and children are well developed, there are no laws on unaccompanied migrant children as a specific category. Some countries, such as Nicaragua, do not have a migration policy at all, so the responses for the migrant population tend to be improvised, short-term and uncoordinated.42 41. In Paraguay there is the phenomenon of criadazgo — the migration of children, often when very young, from rural areas to the cities, organized by contractors under the guise of protection. Children are put to domestic work without any financial compensation but receive shelter, food, clothing and education. According to the Permanent Household Survey, it is estimated that 46,993 children, or 2.5 per cent of all children in the country, are in this situation.43 42. In Asia, the labour laws of some countries, such as India and Nepal, allow the exploitation of child workers by setting the age of adulthood at 14 years. As Caritas Bangladesh has reported, employers of children rarely consider the compensation they pay to child workers or their families as the fulfilment of duties to the children, nor do they see children as rights holders entitled to claim their rights to fair treatment and compensation. 43. India has the world’s largest child population, and migration of children within states and across state boundaries is increasingly prevalent. Gender is often an issue in migration flows and human rights violations; in India, the main issue is gender discrimination and the low status of women in society, which lead to child marriage, declining female-to-male ratios and the demand for the traditional sexual division of labour. Female migrant children are increasingly used as service providers to fulfil the demand for a vast array of personalized services in the entertainment and sex industries, in domestic work and in the marriage market. 44 44. In South Africa, the number of irregular migrants is difficult to determine; estimates range between 2.5 million and 7 million. Every week, about 2,000 irregular migrants, mainly from Mozambique and Zimbabwe, are deported; 20 per cent of these are children.45 45. According to the UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Analysis Report 2014, the South Sudan crisis has led to the mobilization of almost half a million people. Over 70 per cent of these are children seeking asylum in neighbouring countries such as 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Source: Ministry of the Interior of Mexico. Source: Fray Matías de Córdova Human Rights Centre. Source: ministries of foreign affairs of El Salvador and Guatemala. Source: Nicaragua — SOS Children’s Villages International. Source: Luna Nueva Group, as cited in the End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism Paraguay replies to Advisory Committee questionnaire on unaccompanied migrant children and human rights. As the female-to-male ratio in India continues to fall, young girls are trafficked into the country and sold into marriage. Source: IOM, 2014 data. 9