A/HRC/41/40/Add.1 internal displacement, including through strengthened coordination and agency-specific policies. 12. Driving many of these developments, including the drafting of the Guiding Principles, has been the mandate of the UN Representative of the Secretary-General on IDPs. Created in 1992, renamed in 2004 the Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of IDPs and succeeded in 2010 by the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of IDPs (henceforth the Special Rapporteur), the mandate has played an important role in highlighting the human rights, humanitarian and development dimensions of internal displacement. It has also been key in emphasizing national responsibility for prevention, protection and solutions for IDPs, providing concrete recommendations for governments and international organizations to address internal displacement challenges, and drawing attention to key concerns on global internal displacement issues in its thematic reports. B. Problem statement 13. Despite these markers of progress, the number of people affected by internal displacement has been on an upward trajectory for decades. At the end of 2018, there were an estimated 41.4 million people internally displaced by conflict and violence, and 28 million new internal displacements were recorded in 2018 alone (10.8 million due to conflict and 17.2 million due to disasters)11. The number of people displaced every year by development projects also continues to grow, a cause of displacement recognized in the Guiding Principles and the Kampala Convention. 12 Millions of other displacements are not systematically captured including those caused by land grabs, criminal violence and slow-onset disasters, such as drought. The upward trend shows no sign of abating as projections dictate that climate change alone could uproot over 143 million people by 2050. 13 This may accelerate global urbanization even further as the displaced flee within, to and between cities, increasing the need to respond in urban settings. 14. Numerous factors contribute to new and prolonged internal displacement. Some States exhibit limited capacity and/or willingness to acknowledge and fulfil their responsibilities toward IDPs and achieve progress toward durable solutions. Forward momentum on addressing internal displacement has waned in recent years in some cases because it has been perceived as infringing on state sovereignty, though sovereignty and the primary responsibility of States to protect IDPs complement one another. 14 Meanwhile, the consistency and reliability of the humanitarian response to the urgent protection needs of IDPs has been limited, development actors have been inadequately engaged, and UN seniorlevel attention to internal displacement has been absent. Compounding these factors are challenges in addressing the conditions that trigger crises and displacement, as well as displacement situations with significant protection issues and limited humanitarian access. C. Priorities for change 15. Four issues were identified as priorities for more strategic, coordinated and collaborative action on internal displacement in a discussion led by the Special Rapporteur with IDP stakeholders in Geneva in September 2017 and during consultations on this Plan of Action. These issues are: participation of IDPs, national law and policy on internal displacement, data and analysis on internal displacement and addressing protracted displacement. Multi-stakeholder collaboration on these four issues is considered essential for 11 12 13 14 6 http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/. Cernea, Michael. 2007. IRR: An Operational Risks Reduction Model for Population Resettlement. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 1(1): 35-39. World Bank, Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration, March 2018, available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29461/WBG_ClimateChange_Final.pdf. Deng, F. et al, 1996, Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa, Brookings Institution Press.