A/HRC/4/45 page 12 B. Refugee and internally displaced children 21. The other group of particularly vulnerable children in situations of armed conflict is refugee and internally displaced children, in particular unaccompanied or separated children. These children also face violations to their rights during flight as well as periods spent outside camps, including trafficking, killing, maiming and sexual violence. In Darfur, for instance, the international community has witnessed alarming levels of sexual violence, often as a deliberate strategy of humiliation and as a tool of ethnic cleansing, which has been directed especially against the large populations of internally displaced girls and women. In many places, the collection of water and firewood outside the boundaries of camps has become a life-or-death gamble for girls. 22. Evidence also suggests that refugee and internally displaced persons’ camps are often prime recruiting grounds for child soldiers because of the convenient concentrations of children, and that the level of access and protection of these camps from armed groups is a determining factor for high child recruitment rates.3 In this regard, the Office of the Special Representative hopes to work closely with UNHCR, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNICEF and other actors to agree on measures that can be promoted and supported by the Office to ensure that the rights of these children are protected. In particular, in areas where there is a large population of refugees or internally displaced persons living in close proximity to the conflict zones, the Office of the Special Representative would continue to encourage UNHCR to consider placing child protection staff to monitor the protection status of children in these camps. IV. MAKING CHILDREN AND ARMED CONFLICT CONCERNS AN INTEGRAL PART OF PEACEKEEPING AND PEACEBUILDING 23. The emphasis of the United Nations on enhancing its capacity and infrastructure for effective peacekeeping and peacebuilding represents a critical system-wide priority. Preliminary findings from a recent assessment of child protection advisers (CPAs) (as per paragraph 20 (d) of Security Council resolution 1612 (2005)) indicate that mainstreaming child protection into peacekeeping missions has increased awareness of children affected by armed conflict among United Nations civilian police, military observers and the military, thereby greatly enhancing the work of CPAs by providing an extended network of available resources to monitor violations. To this end, the Office of the Special Representative will continue to emphasize the importance of the role of CPAs and other child protection mechanisms in peacekeeping operations. 24. As part of any post-conflict peacebuilding efforts, aside from the re-establishment of security and the consolidation of peace, one of the most daunting challenges is the desperate conditions of young children and adolescents. The prospects for recovery in most countries therefore also depend on the successful reintegration of these children and adolescents who 3 Vera Achvarina and Simon F. Reich, “No Place to Hide: Refugees, Displaced Persons, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers”, International Security, vol. 31, No. 1 (Summer 2006), pp. 127-164.