A/HRC/16/62 included in all mainstream services and programmes, and at all phases of preparation, response, post-disaster recovery and development. The particular vulnerabilities of people living in extreme poverty were also highlighted, as was the importance of addressing their needs in national policies. Speakers shared national initiatives to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, including the introduction of energy saving measures, better management of waters, more regulations on building construction, forest management, the strengthening and monitoring of building construction, risk reduction strategies and reforestation measures, and the relocation of informal settlers to higher and safer ground. It was vital that national efforts in that regard be supported by international solidarity and knowledge transfer, in particular for the most vulnerable countries. Some stressed that more resources were needed to address the impact of climate change in developing countries, and that funding and technology transfer was required. The particular vulnerability of island States and mountainous countries was highlighted. 23. In concluding remarks, Ms. Dazé emphasized that the rights-based approach was fundamental to adaptation strategies and their implementation. Often those with the least ability to secure their rights were also the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. For effective adaptation, the underlying causes of vulnerability to climate change must be addressed, and that included issues related to human rights. Ms. Thomas added that it was imperative for human rights issues to be addressed as early as possible in a disaster situation, while acknowledging that there was a great challenge to developing solutions to address underlying human rights concerns and implementing a human rights-based approach, especially in emergency situations. Mr. Pillay concurred that an essential ingredient to a human rights-based approach to climate change was the effective participation of vulnerable groups. Human rights standards and principles should inform and strengthen policies and measures to address climate change. A human rights-based approach demanded accountability and also required administrative and judiciary measures where rights had been violated. On the importance of international cooperation, accountability required duty-bearers, both State and non-State actors, national human rights institutions, international organizations and private sector actors to be held accountable for their conduct. The mechanism for accountability should be transparent and accessible. 2. Measures and actions at the regional and international levels 24. Cheryl Rosebush, a representative of the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD Programme), provided an overview of REDD+ and the UN-REDD Programme. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) was aimed at creating a financial value for the carbon stored in standing forests, and encouraging industrialized countries to make financial transfers (carbon offsets) to developing countries to compensate them for avoiding deforestation, while REDD+ included the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks and was currently being negotiated under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. She highlighted the programme’s interaction with stakeholders, and in particular indigenous peoples, and the concerns that they had raised with regard to REDD+. Engagement was structured by the Operational Guidance on Engagement with Indigenous Peoples and Other Forest Dependent Communities, followed a human rights-based approach and must adhere to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and to free, prior and informed consent, ensuring broad representation of indigenous peoples at all stages of its activities. Ms. Rosebush noted that both civil society and indigenous peoples were represented on the UN-REDD Programme Policy Board, including the Chair of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Reference was made to the Independent Advisory Group on Rights, Forests and Climate Change, 9