A/HRC/31/35 Contents Page 2 I. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 II. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 3 III. Human rights concerns ..................................................................................................................... 7 A. Dangerous interception practices ............................................................................................. 7 B. Collective expulsions and violations of the principle of non-refoulement .............................. 8 C. Denial of economic, social and cultural rights ........................................................................ 9 D. Arbitrary detention and inadequate conditions of detention .................................................... 11 E. Violence, abuse and exploitation ............................................................................................ 13 IV. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 16 V. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 17