A/HRC/42/20 sexual violence and exploitation.169 Finally, detainees should be provided with a means to lodge complaints when threatened with arbitrary deprivation of life or ill-treatment.170 This can be by way of an anonymous hotline,171 a confidential complaint mechanism172 or through internal or external investigations of places of detention.173 When dealing with juvenile detainees, States should ensure that such mechanisms are child friendly.174 58. Access to health care can be improved and incidents of self-harm reduced through the implementation of a number of practical measures. For instance, providing prisoners with access to a medical professional immediately upon arrival and 175 ensuring that each person deprived of their liberty has an individualized medical file assists the authorities in providing medical care tailored to their needs.176 Ensuring regular medical check-ups and periodic meetings with trained psychosocial staff,177 combined with awareness-raising on the prevention of suicide across the prison can help detect suicidal and self-harm tendencies in prison populations.178 59. Proper management of detention facilities can reduce inter-prisoner violence. States should maintain effective control of the entirety of such facilities. 179 Prison officials should therefore not limit their tasks to the monitoring of the perimeter of accommodation units, they should also ensure the internal management of such units. Detention facility staff are best positioned to prevent violence.180 States should therefore implement strategies to detect and prevent violence in detention facilities to be carried out by such staff. Furthermore, encouraging staff engagement with detainees and ensuring that detainees are heard can reduce violence among detainees.181 60. Measures related to the organization of the detention facility are equally important. Prison management can establish institutional or external mechanisms for early detection, monitoring and documentation of violence, 182 install cameras in facilities 183 and develop policies to combat gang violence.184 Establishing a mechanism to keep detainees informed of their administrative situation is also important as transparency can reduce dissatisfaction and, consequently, the incidence of violence.185 The practice of ensuring cultural and ethnic diversity in accommodation units instead of grouping detainees according to their ethnicity or origin can also contribute to limiting tensions. 186 Substandard material conditions of detention also contribute to violence, death and serious injury. Some States have made strides to renovate detention facilities and improve the material conditions of prisoners. 187 61. Proper management of detention facilities cannot be effectively implemented in the absence of adequate resources. In order to execute the strategies that will improve detention conditions and reduce violence, detention facilities must be adequately staffed. 188 Staff ratios, pay levels, working conditions and proper training and supervision all facilitate 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 16 See CRC/C/CAN/CO/3-4. See ICRC, “Guidelines for Investigating Deaths in Custody”. Submission of Uruguay. See CAT/C/CHN-MAC/CO/5. See ICRC, “Guidelines for Investigating Deaths in Custody”. See CRC/C/COL/CO/4-5. Submission of Penal Reform International; submission of the Defensoría del Pueblo (Ecuador); submission of Morocco. Submission of the Defensoría del Pueblo (Ecuador). Submission of Penal Reform International; submission of the Ombudsman (Luxembourg). Submission of Penal Reform International. See CCPR/C/BOL/CO/3. Submission of the Ombudsman (Luxembourg). Ibid. See CRPD/C/ARG/CO/1; CAT/C/IRL/CO/2; CAT/C/ARM/CO/4; CCPR/C/CYP/CO/4; submission of Jamaica; submission of Uruguay. See A/HRC/32/31/Add.2. See CRC/C/BRA/CO/2-4; Penal Reform International, Global Prison Trends 2019. Submission of the Ombudsman (Luxembourg). Ibid. See CAT/OP/MNG/1. See CCPR/C/LVA/CO/3; CAT/C/CPV/CO/1.